Building the future: smart cities powered by IoT

By connecting devices, infrastructure, and services, IoT enables cities to collect, analyse, and act on data in real-time, creating more sustainable, efficient, and citizen-focused environments. This article explores the technologies powering smart cities, their applications, challenges, and the future outlook for urban innovation.

IoT forms the backbone of smart cities, supported by complementary technologies:

1. IoT sensors and devices
   Sensors embedded in infrastructure collect real-time data on air quality, traffic flow, energy usage, and more. These devices are essential for monitoring and controlling urban systems.
2. Edge computing
   Processing data closer to its source reduces latency and improves efficiency. For instance, edge computing enables faster responses in traffic management systems.
3. 5G connectivity
   The high-speed, low-latency capabilities of 5G networks facilitate seamless communication between IoT devices, supporting critical applications like autonomous vehicles and telemedicine.
4. AI and machine learning
   AI analyses vast datasets generated by IoT devices, identifying patterns and making predictive decisions, such as optimising energy grids or forecasting maintenance needs.
5. Cloud platforms
   Centralised cloud platforms store and process IoT data, providing scalability and accessibility for urban administrators.

1. Transportation and mobility
   • Smart traffic management
     IoT sensors monitor traffic conditions, enabling adaptive traffic lights and reducing congestion. London’s Smart Mobility Living Lab integrates real-time data for traffic optimisation.
   • Autonomous vehicles
     IoT-connected infrastructure supports self-driving cars, enhancing safety and efficiency.
   • Public transit optimisation
     IoT solutions track buses and trains, providing real-time updates to commuters and improving operational efficiency.
2. Energy and sustainability
   • Smart grids
     IoT-enabled energy grids balance supply and demand, integrating renewable sources like solar and wind.
   • Energy-efficient buildings
     Smart systems monitor and adjust energy consumption, reducing costs and emissions. For instance, Manchester’s Civic Quarter Heat Network uses IoT to optimise district heating.
3. Public safety and security
   • Surveillance systems
     IoT-powered cameras with AI analytics enhance public safety by detecting suspicious activities.
   • Disaster management
     Sensors monitor environmental conditions, providing early warnings for floods, earthquakes, and wildfires.
4. Waste management
   • Smart bins equipped with IoT sensors optimise waste collection routes, reducing fuel consumption and improving efficiency. Leeds City Council has trialled smart waste systems to cut operational costs.
5. Healthcare and well-being
   • Telemedicine
     IoT devices enable remote health monitoring, improving access to healthcare in urban and remote areas.
   • Air quality monitoring
     IoT sensors track pollution levels, informing policies to improve urban air quality. Birmingham’s Clean Air Zone integrates IoT for real-time pollution tracking.
6. Citizen engagement and governance
   • Open data platforms
     IoT-powered dashboards provide citizens with access to city data, fostering transparency and civic participation.
   • Smart voting systems
     IoT-enabled voting mechanisms streamline electoral processes.